Damascus

Syria COUNTRY

1,711,000 CITY POPULATION

City Council GOVERNMENT TYPE

Introduction

Damascus, the capital of Syria, is the country's largest city, surpassing Aleppo after significant population shifts due to conflicts. Known locally as aš-Šām, Damascus is an essential cultural and historical centre of the Levant and the Arab world. In 2024, it holds an estimated population of around 2 million people. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is at the heart of a metropolitan region home to over 3 million residents.

Damascus city

Nestled at the eastern base of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, Damascus lies about 80 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean coast and sits on a plateau 680 metres above sea level. The city has a semi-arid climate due to the rain shadow effect from the mountains, with the Barada River running through its landscape. Damascus is historically significant for being one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities, with its origins tracing back to the second millennium BC.

Where is Damascus Located?

Damascus is positioned in southwestern Syria, on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. It lies approximately 80 kilometres from the Mediterranean Sea and sits at an elevation of 680 metres above sea level, on a plateau that gives the city its unique climate and geographical features.

What Country is Damascus in?

Damascus is in Syria, a country in the Middle East bordered by Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, Israel to the southwest, and Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Damascus is not only the capital but also the political and cultural heart of Syria.

When was Damascus Founded?

Damascus is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. While archaeological evidence suggests settlements in the Barada basin date back to around 9000 BC, records place their urban origins in the second millennium BC. It gained prominence as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 AD before the Abbasid Caliphate moved the centre of Islamic power to Baghdad.

Damascus Syria Population

As of 2024, the population of Damascus city is estimated at around 2 million. The greater metropolitan area, including suburbs like Douma, Harasta, and Jaramana, comprises over 3 million residents. This number has fluctuated over recent decades due to significant internal migration and the impacts of the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011. Damascus has experienced periods of population decline and demographic shifts due to these conflicts.

Damascus Data and Facts

Historical Significance: Damascus is often regarded as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world.
Cultural Heritage: Home to the renowned Umayyad Mosque, one of the oldest and largest mosques in the world.
Economy: Known historically for textiles and trade; its name gave rise to "damask," a type of patterned fabric.
Stock Exchange: Damascus hosts Syria's only stock exchange, the Damascus Securities Exchange.
Population: An estimated 2 million as of 2024, with the greater area holding over 3 million residents.
Religion: Predominantly Muslim (mainly Sunni, with Alawite and Shia minorities), with significant Christian communities and smaller numbers of Druze and Jews.

Administration

Damascus is managed as a muḥāfaẓah (governorate), which is one of the 14 administrative regions in Syria. The President of Syria appoints a governor who oversees the administration of the city. The governor works with a council that includes both elected and appointed members. This council is responsible for managing local affairs and ensuring that services are delivered effectively to the residents of Damascus.

The city is divided into different districts or neighbourhoods called aḥyāʾ, each managed by a mayor. The mayors report to the governor and play a key role in handling day-to-day administrative matters within their specific areas. This structure allows for more focused attention on local issues and community needs. The post of governor of Damascus is an important position in Syria, as it often has a direct impact on national politics and policies. This is because Damascus is the political and administrative centre of the country, housing the offices of the central government and most government ministries.

The wider region surrounding the city is known as Rural Damascus (Rīf Dimashq), which is a separate governorate. Although it includes suburbs and smaller towns, Damascus city itself serves as its capital. This division helps in better managing the extensive metropolitan area that has grown over time, covering more than just the urban centre.

Rapid population growth over the years has placed pressure on the city’s infrastructure and services. The city draws most of its water from the Barada River, supplemented by smaller springs and other sources. This water supply system is centuries old and has been expanded multiple times to meet the growing needs of the city. However, as the population increased and demand rose, the water table around the city saw a significant drop. To manage the water supply more effectively, authorities have implemented rationing measures and explored options for sourcing water from the Euphrates River and other areas.

Electricity in Damascus is provided locally and also comes from other regions, including power generated at the hydroelectric station at the Euphrates Dam. Although the city’s electricity supply is generally reliable, the ongoing challenges related to the Syrian Civil War have sometimes impacted availability.

The healthcare system in Damascus is better developed compared to other parts of Syria. Approximately half of the country’s doctors work in the capital, offering services in both public hospitals and private clinics. Despite the conflict and economic difficulties in recent years, the healthcare facilities in Damascus have continued to function, providing essential services to the city's residents. The ratio of hospital beds to the population has been improving, but it is still lower than in more developed countries.

The administrative structure of Damascus has adapted to the needs of a growing city, balancing traditional governance with modern-day requirements. However, the ongoing effects of the Syrian Civil War have influenced how the administration operates, making it essential for local and national leaders to focus on rebuilding and improving services for the city’s population. Authorities continue to work on stabilising public services, maintaining order, and planning for future improvements to infrastructure and public utilities to ensure that Damascus can meet the needs of its residents in the years to come.

Economy

The economy of Damascus has faced many challenges over the past decade, primarily due to the ongoing effects of the Syrian Civil War, international sanctions, and regional instability. Despite these challenges, the city continues to be the political, administrative, and economic hub of Syria.

Government Role
The government is the most significant contributor to Damascus's economy. National administration, politics, and military services are heavily concentrated in the capital. Many of the city’s residents work in government offices, ministries, and public services. The security and defence sectors, including large military establishments and intelligence services, form a critical part of Damascus's economic landscape.

Industry and Manufacturing
Historically known for producing luxurious goods like textiles and brocades, Damascus maintains a variety of industrial activities. The main industries include textile production, food processing, cement manufacturing, and chemical production. These industries are mostly state-run, but in recent years, some private sector initiatives have been allowed to contribute to the economy. The private sector plays a more significant role in smaller, service-oriented businesses. However, industrial output has been affected by damage to infrastructure, limited access to raw materials, and reduced investment due to the war and sanctions.

Trade and Commerce
Damascus has long been an important trading centre. Goods are distributed within Syria and exported to neighbouring countries. However, the scope of trade has shrunk considerably due to border closures, regional instability, and sanctions that restrict international trade. The city continues to hold its annual international trade fair, which helps maintain some level of economic activity and international connections. However, the scale of participation and economic benefits has diminished compared to pre-war levels.

Tourism Potential
Before the conflict, Damascus had a flourishing tourism sector, attracting visitors with its historical sites, such as the Umayyad Mosque and the Old City, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Although cultural tourism has potential, safety concerns and political instability have significantly impacted this sector. In recent years, some tourists, particularly from neighbouring countries, have begun to return, but the numbers are still far below those from before the war.

Small Businesses and Artisan Crafts
Local markets and small businesses contribute to the city's economy. Damascus is known for its traditional artisan crafts, such as copper engraving, mother-of-pearl-inlaid woodwork, and handwoven textiles. These crafts not only support local artisans but also attract buyers seeking authentic Syrian goods. However, economic difficulties and reduced tourism have limited their profitability.

Financial Services
The financial sector in Damascus has faced numerous challenges. The Damascus Securities Exchange, Syria’s only stock market, continues to operate but with limited activity. Banks and financial institutions, mostly state-controlled, are hindered by international sanctions that limit access to global financial systems. Efforts to modernise the banking sector and encourage investment have been slow and often disrupted by the ongoing conflict.

Private Sector and Entrepreneurship
The private sector, though limited, includes small businesses and startups. Recent years have seen some innovative entrepreneurship, especially in technology and services, despite the difficulties. Initiatives like small-scale food delivery services, local tech startups, and creative projects aimed at rebuilding the local economy have gained some traction. Entrepreneurs face significant obstacles, such as limited funding, challenging economic conditions, and a reduced customer base due to population shifts.

Business Environment

The business environment in Damascus has been significantly affected by years of conflict, sanctions, and economic challenges. Despite these difficulties, some areas of business have shown resilience and adaptability. The city remains Syria’s most important centre for economic activity, with a mix of government-run industries, private businesses, and emerging entrepreneurship.

Challenges and Economic Pressure

The ongoing Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, has left a lasting impact on Damascus’s business landscape. The conflict has damaged infrastructure, disrupted supply chains, and reduced investment. International sanctions have further limited the city’s ability to engage in global trade and access foreign financial systems. These restrictions have made it difficult for businesses to grow and for new enterprises to emerge. As a result, many businesses operate on a smaller scale and cater primarily to local demand.

Government Influence
Damascus is heavily influenced by government activities. The public sector is the largest employer, and many businesses rely on state contracts or are partially state-run. This has resulted in a business environment that is centralised and closely tied to government decisions. Large-scale investments are mainly directed at sectors that align with government priorities, such as infrastructure repair, energy, and essential services. While this can provide some stability, it also limits competition and private sector growth.

Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses
Despite the challenges, some entrepreneurs have found ways to adapt and thrive. The spirit of entrepreneurship is seen in small-scale ventures, such as tech startups and service-oriented businesses. Young Syrians, especially in Damascus, are finding creative ways to address local needs through technology and innovation. For instance, some startups focus on providing digital solutions, online education platforms, and local delivery services. These ventures often operate with limited resources but show the potential for growth if conditions improve.

Key Startups and Initiatives
Notable initiatives include platforms like Remmaz, an online coding education tool aimed at children, and Beeorder, a food delivery service that has gained traction despite the economic climate. These startups are examples of how young entrepreneurs are using their skills to find opportunities within a difficult environment. However, these businesses often face significant barriers, such as funding shortages, reduced consumer spending, and limited access to advanced technologies.

Private Sector Dynamics
The private sector in Damascus has seen limited but notable contributions to the economy. Businesses in retail, food production, and traditional crafts continue to operate, serving the local population. While many industries are still controlled by the state, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have a role in filling gaps in the market. Artisan workshops producing handmade goods, such as carved wood and textiles, remain an essential part of the city’s economy, even though they have struggled with declining tourist numbers.

Barriers to Growth
The main barriers to growth in Damascus's business environment include high operational costs, inflation, and a shrinking middle class. The purchasing power of residents has been eroded due to the economic downturn, limiting the potential for business expansion. Furthermore, businesses face difficulties in accessing imported goods and raw materials because of border restrictions and trade limitations. This impacts industries such as construction, manufacturing, and retail.

Potential and Future Prospects
Although the current situation poses significant challenges, there is potential for future growth if the political and economic landscape stabilises. Improved relations with international partners and eased sanctions could open doors for investment and allow businesses in Damascus to tap into global markets. The city has a well-educated population, which could be an asset in developing industries such as technology, renewable energy, and specialised services.

Infrastructure

Damascus has an infrastructure system that combines modern elements with older, more traditional facilities. However, years of conflict have taken a toll on the city’s infrastructure, leading to challenges in maintaining and upgrading essential services.

The main airport serving Damascus is Damascus International Airport, situated about 20 kilometres southeast of the city centre. Before the conflict, the airport offered connections to major cities in the Middle East, Europe, and beyond. Today, international flights are limited, primarily serving regional destinations due to safety concerns and sanctions. The road network within Damascus varies; while some areas have modern roads, others, especially older parts of the city, have narrow streets that are difficult for vehicles to navigate.

Public transportation in Damascus relies heavily on minibuses that operate on numerous routes throughout the city. Although the system is widespread, it lacks official schedules, with buses stopping as needed. The absence of proper bus stops and clear schedules can make public transport less efficient. Plans for a metro system were announced in 2008, with the first line initially expected to open by 2015. However, construction was halted due to the war, and the project has yet to resume. A four-line metro network is envisioned, but its completion is uncertain.

The historical al-Hejaz railway station, once a prominent transport hub, is now mostly inactive. Although some services have shifted to other stations, like the Kadam railway station in the south of the city, overall railway usage has greatly decreased, and infrastructure has suffered due to years of conflict.

Damascus receives its water primarily from the Barada River and nearby springs. The city’s water distribution system has been in place for centuries and has been expanded over time. However, due to increased demand and damage from the conflict, the water supply has become strained. In recent years, efforts to ration water and explore alternative sources, such as water from the Euphrates River, have been considered to address shortages.

Electricity in Damascus is generated locally and supplemented by supplies from the Euphrates Dam’s hydroelectric station. The conflict has disrupted power supply, leading to frequent outages and limited electricity access in some parts of the city. Despite these challenges, efforts continue to stabilise the energy supply and improve the reliability of electricity.

Technology

The technology sector in Damascus has faced many challenges in recent years due to the impact of the Syrian Civil War and economic sanctions. Despite these difficulties, there have been efforts to maintain and develop technological infrastructure and education in the city. Damascus remains home to Syria’s largest and oldest university, the University of Damascus, which plays an important role in the country’s technological and scientific development. The university offers a variety of engineering and computer science programmes, producing graduates who contribute to the local tech scene.

The city has seen some progress in telecommunications and internet access over the past decade, but significant gaps remain. Internet connectivity, while available, can be slow and inconsistent due to infrastructure damage from the conflict and limited investment in modernisation. Mobile phone services are provided by state-owned and private companies, but coverage and quality can vary, especially in more affected areas. The reliance on older technologies has posed challenges for businesses and residents alike.

Damascus has a small but determined tech community that has shown resilience in the face of hardship. Startups focusing on software development, mobile apps, and educational platforms have emerged, often driven by young entrepreneurs seeking to create opportunities in a difficult environment. These efforts are supported by a growing interest in coding, computer engineering, and IT skills among the youth. Some startups have found creative ways to thrive, using locally available resources and targeting niche markets that cater to local needs. One notable example is the development of Arabic-language platforms and applications aimed at improving accessibility for Syrians.

The city’s educational institutions have adapted by incorporating more technology-focused courses and encouraging innovation. Private universities, which have been allowed since the early 2000s, also contribute to technological learning by offering modern curricula. Online education has gained more importance, especially since in-person learning has been disrupted at various times due to security concerns. The Syrian Virtual University, established in 2002, continues to provide distance learning options, allowing students to pursue degrees without attending traditional classes. This has helped maintain educational continuity and has been a practical solution during uncertain times.

Investment in technology and innovation is still limited by economic constraints and sanctions that prevent access to international partnerships and funding. Many tech initiatives rely on local resources and community-driven efforts rather than external support. This has led to creative and cost-effective approaches but also limits the scale and speed of technological advancement. Equipment for IT and tech development can be costly and difficult to import due to trade restrictions, making it challenging for both educational institutions and private enterprises to keep up with global trends.

Despite these difficulties, there are signs of slow progress. Collaboration between tech enthusiasts and small businesses has led to the creation of basic tech solutions tailored to the local market. Additionally, social media and communication platforms remain popular among residents for staying connected and informed, playing a vital role in daily life. While large-scale technological infrastructure projects may be limited, the spirit of innovation persists among Damascus’s population. The potential for future growth in the tech sector exists, but it is closely tied to the overall stability of the country and the ability to lift or ease the economic constraints.

Social Wellness and Human Resources

The social wellness and human resources situation in Damascus is marked by the impact of years of conflict, economic challenges, and shifting demographics. The estimated population of Damascus has decreased from pre-war levels, currently standing at around 2 million people within the city, while the greater metropolitan area, including suburbs and neighbouring towns, houses over 3 million residents. The war and economic difficulties have pushed many families to leave the city in search of safety or better opportunities, both within Syria and abroad.

Damascus remains an important cultural and social centre, drawing people from various parts of Syria for its educational and employment opportunities. This has resulted in a population where the average age is relatively young, as many youth and young adults come to the capital to study or find work. However, the influx of people has put additional pressure on housing, public services, and infrastructure. The city has had to manage the demands of a growing population, even as resources have become more limited due to economic and political challenges.

Most of the population in Damascus are Syrian Arabs, and Islam is the predominant religion. The majority of Muslims in the city are Sunni, while significant minorities of Alawites and Twelver Shia live in various districts, including Mezzeh and areas near holy sites like Sayyidah Ruqayya and Sayyidah Zaynab. Christians make up about 10-15% of the population, with several Eastern Christian denominations represented, including the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox Church. Churches such as the ancient Chapel of Saint Paul and St. George’s Cathedral in Bab Tuma are notable landmarks. A smaller community of Druze also lives in Damascus, primarily in mixed suburbs like Jaramana and Sahnaya.

The health sector in Damascus has faced many difficulties. While the city houses some of Syria’s best hospitals and about half of the country’s doctors work there, healthcare facilities are still under strain. Access to healthcare has been affected by resource limitations, damaged infrastructure, and increased demand due to population shifts. Many government and private clinics have continued to operate, but medical supplies and advanced equipment can be hard to obtain due to sanctions and disrupted supply chains. Despite these challenges, the healthcare system in Damascus is considered better than in many other parts of the country, providing essential services and treatment.

Education is an important part of life in Damascus, with the University of Damascus being one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in the region. The city also has several public and private schools. However, the quality of education has been affected by the economic situation and war, which have disrupted school attendance and resources. Nevertheless, many students continue their education, driven by a strong emphasis on learning and the hope of better opportunities.